That would save an awful lot of interest, and if the money is issued debt- The Bank Of England was originally a private bank, which contracted to lend money to the British Government in a financial crisis. For more information on how these cookies work please see our Cookie policy. Who Owns The Bank Of England? From Bank of England website. The Bank of England Act 1946 does not mention the words Own or Ownership. Some of the stock was held by institutions and firms, such as other banks, but the majority of shareholders continued to be private individuals. The English,French and Spanish empire’s took 4.5 continents Of the world for the bankers who financed them.the bankers then set up the financial system,the printing and distribution of money and the setting of interest rates .it is the job of the American military to take the other 1/2 continent and to keep the 4.5 in line.all central banks r control ed by the same bankers who financed these empires.thank you! Who Owns the Federal Reserve? "You ask that question to one thousand Britons, and I kid you not, all of them will say that it is owned by the Government. Would you like to give more detail? Read the inside cover page of every Economist Magazine (est. In the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, Coutts Crown Dependencies operates as a trading name of The Royal Bank of Scotland … When I sent this reply to Walter Stewart his comment was simply that the reply was At the other end are central banks, like the Banca d’Italia, whose … What do you say? require the banks in question to pay a “special tax: exactly equivalent to the bond interest !! Who Owns Reserve Banks? Are you idiots or have you not understood economy? also why is our money backed by nothing now. Emergence Of Modern Day Themes The template for modern central banks emerged in London, England. I was fortunate enough to have entered into correspondence with Walter Stewart before his untimely death at the turn of the century -such communication being prompted by my reading of his two books on Banking “Towers of Gold-Feet of Clay” and “Bank Heist” in which he pointed out that the Government of Canada (up to Trudeau’s time) borrowed money from itself by (in effect) expanding it’s own bonds through the Bank of Canada This prompted me to contact the UK Government to ask why the UK did not do likewise only to be told by the then Chief Secretary to the UK Treasury that it was perfectly feasible to do so but that it would be “potentially inflationary” Let’s start at the beginning. Free money! Commentdocument.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a435e69f859d583a0a0f812f4981a46f" );document.getElementById("e1c4133b34").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Cracking Economics Amusing Yahoo Answers – Who Own Bank of England? by paying for public works, paying pensions, buying up the odd stricken bank, etc, it won’t actually have to be paid back, because it won’t be owed to anybody. Profits were used to pay annual dividends (a financial reward from a portion of an organisation’s earnings) to our shareholders. The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom. Rolls Royce In Major Financial Trouble. Over the next year, a selection committee made up of Secretary of the Treasury William McAdoo, Secretary of Agriculture David Houston, and Comptroller of the Currency John Williams decided which U.S. cities would be a … UKFI also previously held Northern Rock, until most of the company was bought by Virgin Money in 2012 . Advantages and disadvantages of monopolies. and if my last statment is true ,how much can i borrow and who will pay it back. For example, we had a control of issuing banknotes in England and Wales - and taking responsibility for protecting the financial system. But what REALLY doesn’t make any sense is this. Be enlightened. Perhaps the British Crown still owns … The Bank of England is, in turn, almost certainly owned by the Rothschild family, though if they saw fit to sell shares, they would not be … Neither of these beliefs is true. The Bank of England, as a central bank, is the second oldest on earth, and its framework has been used as guide for nearly all central banks in existence today. Started 5 hours ago. At one end of the spectrum are central banks, like the Bank of England, that are wholly owned by the public sector. “As a public organisation, wholly-owned by Government, and with a significant public policy role, the Bank is accountable to Parliament”. We were nationalised by the government in 1946 due to our importance to the economy. Press Spacebar or Enter to select. Over 1,200 people purchased shares (known at the time as ‘Bank stock’) totalling £1.2 million, which was the value of the government loan. Index to Original Subscribers to Bank Stock 1694. The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom and was established as a corporate body by Royal Charter under the Bank of England Act 1694. The Bank of England was set up by, ironically, a Scotsman – William … Over the next year, a selection committee made up of Secretary of the Treasury William McAdoo, Secretary of Agriculture David Houston, and Comptroller of the Currency John Williams decided which U.S. cities would be a … Does the education system perpetuate unthinking worker bees? If you go to the BOE web site, you can take a look at their annual accounts. Carry on trying to work within this evil and insane system, or sweep it all away and start afresh with a debt-free economy for every country, and without the parasitic and insidious “global elite”? And the whole basis of their power is the debt-based economic system foisted on virtually all governments. You clearly have such a strong grasp and depth of knowledge when it comes to monetary policy and how the national finances operate, it would be pointless in disputing your points here :’’) lol. The Bank of England is an arm of the government. Other central banks across Europe passed from private to public ownership around this time too. Of course not everyone had that sort of money. makes one think -does it not ! At one end of the spectrum are central banks, like the Bank of England, that are wholly owned by the public sector. You may disable these by changing your browser settings, but this may affect how the website functions. Not sure about the implications of gov paying interest to BoE (as asserted by Mark), who then pay tax back to HMRC, and then share the net profits with the gov. – from £6.99. How much we’ll have to pay back in interest payments. According to the information presented there (assuming not much has changed since 1976) it would appear that the Bank of England actually owns the Federal Reserve and the IRS. The Bank of England was nationalised by the Labour govt of 1945-51 and snce then has ben owned by the British government although Gordon Brown in the early 2000's handed back to the Bank the right to fix base interest rates in the United Kingdom which the 1946 Act placed in govt hands after the behaviour of a controversial Bank of England … ... BIS is owned by the Federal Reserve, Bank of England, Bank of Italy, Bank … The Bank was given a Royal Charter, and in 1844, the Bank Charter Act gave the Bank of England sole right to issue notes and coins. In 1694, the Bank of England was founded, using a proposed scheme designed by Scotsman William Paterson, with the support of the first Earl … When the Bank of England suffered a liquidity crisis as depositors clamored for their funds, the bank was able to borrow that same money back from Nathan, and thus averted disaster.” So, according to this information, the Rothschilds didn’t take over the Bank of England; they gave the bank a loan, which was paid … But a number of the Rothschilds have served on the Bank’s Court of Directors over the years. At the other end are central banks, like the Banca d’Italia, whose shareholders are wholly private sector entities. Most shareholders held relatively small amounts of Bank Stock. Those who served as the Governor were required to hold at least £4,000 of stock and those serving as a Director needed to have £2,000. The one bank that rules them all, the “Bank for International Settlement,” is — obviously — controlled by the Rothschilds and it is nicknamed the “Tower of Basel.” The true power of the Rothschilds … Rather than criticise the Rothschild dynasty for their input (perceived by some as positive negative) into econmic history vermthe past 200+ years, we should reflect on the fact that the unbalanced, irratic and mostly lazy masses need an organised CONTROL mechanism / system. The Bank of England was nationalised in 1946. The Bank of England was founded in 1694, to raise 1.2 million pounds for the Government to fund a war with France. Wanting his sons to succeed on their own and to expand the family business across Europe, Mayer Amschel Rothschild had his eldest son remai… The first names in the ledger are King William and Queen Mary, they invested £10,000. What country would charge itself interest? Readers Question: Who owns the Bank of England? The head of the Bank of England since 1973, Sir Gordon Richardson, Governor of the Bank of England (controlled by the House of Rothschild) was chairman of J. Henry Schroder Wagg and Company of London from 1963-72, and director of J. Henry Schroder,New York and Schroder Banking Corporation,New York,as well as Lloyd's Bank … The Federal Reserve is an independent entity established by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. The Bank’s notes were made legal tender for all sums above £5 in England and Wales so that, in the event of a crisis, the public would still be willing to accept the Bank… Many people believe that the Bank of England is a privately owned corporation. The Bank of England is the world’s eighth oldest bank and a structural model for most central banks around the world. Necessary cookies enable core functionality on our website such as security, network management, and accessibility. Since March 2009, £745bn has been created out of thin air under the scheme Topics; Virgin Broadband, Any Good? The first shareholders came from a variety of backgrounds, trades and professions, including carpenters and grocers, merchants, doctors, knights and royalty. The capital of the Bank is held by the Treasury Solicitor on behalf of HM Treasury. Why the “money as debt” system? You might as well ask who owns the Home Office. The nineteenth century saw a succession of increasingly severe bank runs culminating, in 1907, in a major financial crisis. of half the post-tax profits unless the Bank and HM Treasury agree otherwise. The payments are deductible for The Bank was nationalised on 1 March 1946, and gained operational independence to set interest rates in 1997 (the Bank of England Act 1998 Part II sets out the responsibilities and objectives of the Bank in relation to monetary policy). But Congress wanted the Fed to have 12 regional banks to represent America's diverse … Started 5 hours ago. Rothschild owns the majority of Bank of England stocks since the Napoleon war. £91-92 billion ($140 billion, €105 billion) worth of Gold ingots, so that's about your answer Can bank sell one of the two mortgages? Her Majesty's (HM) Treasury: The United Kingdom's economics and finance ministry, responsible for formulating and implementing financial and economic policy. New Topics. Find out who owns your bank by searching the menu above. It controls the world media and world … One important repository for the wealth of the global oligarchy that owns these bank holding companies is US Trust Corporation – founded in 1853 and now owned by Bank of America. Over 1,200 people purchased shares (known at the time as ‘Bank stock’) totalling £1.2 million. However, the Federal Reserve in the US is owned by private banks. It was privately owned at its foundation and remained so until the post-war Labour government nationalised it in 1946. If your bank went under, the level of compensation for lost savings would depend on who owns the brand. Since March 2009, £745bn has been created out of thin air under the scheme – economic land grab, religion, other national objectives. Who owns the Bank of England today? It is interesting to learn that the USA when going through the motions you describe , after paying the interest due on the relevant , bonds’ then taken from audited a/cs 2008, note 2 (t): “The entire equity capital comprising £14,553,000 of Bank Stock is held by the Treasury Solicitor on behalf of HM Treasury. This means that the government own all of the money within the BoE, if this is the case why do we borrow money from them and pay back with interest? The Bank of England, as a central bank, is the second oldest on earth, and its framework has been used as guide for nearly all central banks in existence today. We are wholly-owned by the UK government. It was privately owned at its foundation and remained so until the post-war Labour government nationalised it in 1946. Who Owns Reserve Banks? How the Bank of England used quantitative easing to make £150bn of the UK's debt disappear. The instution belongs to England but the money in the accounts not. The capital of the Bank is held by the Treasury Solicitor on behalf of HM Treasury. Because then the gullible, uneducated, lazy, incompetent masses would rise up and cause frequent anarchy, revolution and chaos. Hmmm ! The Bank of England pumped an extra £100bn into the economy but slowed its bond-buying programme and left its key interest rate unchanged at 0.1% after its monthly meeting today. Of course, the “money as debt system” – to be repaid with interest is impossible to repay and no designed to be repaid – because it maintains this control mechanism of keeping the entire population and every country in perpetual debt – every person is enslaved to this need to work to earn living tokens to survive, and distracted by hundreds of entertainment options to enjoy their enslaved life. Walls Lollies. Interest is slavery, no matter who owns what. precious metals hedge your bets against this fiat monopoly. The Bank was nationalised on 1 March 1946, and gained operational independence to set interest rates in 1997 (the Bank of England Act 1998 Part II … The US Fed and the Bank of England: Ownership, structure and ‘independence’ Peter Howells ABSTRACT This essay looks at the foundation and development of the US Federal Reserve and the Bank of England, through the perspective of the recent debate over central bank independence in the design of optimal monetary policy. By clicking ‘Accept recommended settings’ on this banner, you accept our use of optional cookies. The ‘Governor and Company of the Bank of England’ or as most people know it, the Bank of England, was established by Royal Charter in 1694, to raise money to fund a war with France. “bafflegab” ! And why is the government not charging the banks interest? The Bank of England is indeed owned by the Rothschilds, as is the worlds banks. You might as well ask who owns the Home Office. Many people believe that it's owned by the Rothchilds. Since we borrow money by issuing Bonds, which foreign and domestic investors purchase, there has to be an interest rate given as incentive to those lenders to get a return, unless of course it is a charitable donation. And humans need to be controlled – we are an unbalanced species with diverse emotions, backgrounds, education and desires – which change over time, or even instantaneously, irrational at times. At one end of the spectrum are central banks, like the Bank of England, that are wholly owned by the public sector. This was not without costs. At that time, President Woodrow Wilson wanted a government-appointed central board. After 1997, the change could only be made by the Bank of England, but it must be set to keep inflation … You are welcome to ask any questions on Economics. (There is a similar conspiracy theory about the US Federal Reserve). Click the OK button, to accept cookies on this website. Royal Bank of Scotland: a 72% share which the Government referred to in January 2017 as a "long term asset". The Federal Reserve is an independent entity established by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. Also, The Crown in London houses the privatised Bank of England and Lloyd’s of London, the London Stock Exchange, and all British Banks. In those days, the profits of the Bank went into the hands of the shareholders. The Bank is a public sector institution, wholly-owned by the government, but … Bank of England. The monetary system is all about CONTROL. The Church Commissioners – who own a 105,000-acre land and property portfolio worth some £2billion – are notoriously tight-lipped … For more information you may be interested to see the Bank’s latest Report and Accounts, which can be found on our website at: www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/annualreport/index.htm. For example, Halifax and Saga are both owned by Bank of Scotland, so the limit on compensation for lost savings in all three is the same as for one brand. As you can see, the Bank of England has gone from owning no government debt at all to owning a full 28% of … Click on it for a bigger version. Thanks to everyone who has posted. Under Section 1 (4) of the Bank of England Act 1946, subsequent to the end of each year HM Treasury receives payments Mike Anson, our Archive Manager, shows the first ‘Bank stock ledger’ from 1694: Bank of England's KnowledgeBank guide on who owns the Bank of England. There is a linear connection between the Rothschilds, the Bank of England, and the London banking houses which ultimately links the … More for BANK OF ENGLAND NOMINEES LIMITED (01307478) Registered office address Hill House, 1 Little New Street, London, EC4A 3TR . England’s imperialism has worked into the economic and banking practices worldwide and the Queen’s Crown Agents and Agencies have controlled global resources for centuries. The Bank Of England was originally a private bank, which contracted to lend money to the British Government in a financial crisis. How willing investors are to pump money into the UK economy at a particular rate of return. To follow the investigation and help us fill in the gaps, visit the Who Owns England? How the Bank of England used quantitative easing to make £150bn of the UK's debt disappear. The story of the Bank of England is the story of the British Empire. 1833, Bank Charter Act 1833, along with liberalising the bank’s ability to set interest rates this act made the Bank of England’s notes officially legal tender. If the UK government really does own the Bank of England why doesn’t it simply issue all the money it needs itself and bypass the BoE? We're free from day-to-day political influence. At that time, President Woodrow Wilson wanted a government-appointed central board. We use necessary cookies to make our site work (for example, to manage your session). In 1844, the Rothschild inspired desire to take complete control of Britain came true with the Bank Charter Act. The Bank Of England was originally a private bank, which contracted to lend money to the British Government in a financial crisis. The BoE facilitates the transactions, and also sets the interest rate on those bonds sold. The Bank of England is an arm of the government. I feel all those little bits of information that are left out there, People can get informed. This gave the Bank of England the monopoly on the production of Sterling, and control of Britain's money supply. Buy gold and silver. A recent US Trust Corporate Director and Honorary Trustee was Walter Rothschild. ... BIS is owned by the Federal Reserve, Bank of England, Bank of Italy, Bank … The head of the Bank of England since 1973, Sir Gordon Richardson, Governor of the Bank of England (controlled by the House of Rothschild) was chairman of J. Henry Schroder Wagg and Company of London from 1963-72, and director of J. Henry Schroder,New York and Schroder Banking Corporation,New York,as well as … Certainly, there is a secret, arcane group of as little as 100 people, or less – who understand the need to maintain CONTROL, law and order for the food of the masses / society. It forces (enslaves) the masses into a daily work system – so that almost ever individual is actively contributing to society – for positive, coordinated good. The bank of England created it out of this air, loaned it to the gov with interest, the gov then used that no at to bail out the banks. I wrote to the Bank of England and asked for clarification. The Bank was nationalised on 1 March 1946, and gained operational independence to set interest rates in 1997 (the Bank of England Act 1998 Part II sets out the responsibilities and objectives of the Bank in relation to monetary policy). On Dec. 23, 1913, President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act. I have a strongly feeling it has to be the British government. David Icke writes in Children of the Matrix, that the Rockefellers and Morgans were just “gofers” for the European Rothschilds. My favourite item, is bank stock ledger number one. Her Majesty's (HM) Treasury: The United Kingdom's economics and finance ministry, responsible for formulating and implementing financial and economic policy. However, on March 1, 1946, the bank was placed under government ownership, the treasury … The English government owns the Bank of England. Let me ask you a simple question: what country in its right mind would create a system that would force it to lend itself money and have to repay the money WITH INTEREST? Take away the “living token” monetary system, and very few would work, and daily rampant theft, and maruading pillage would dominate and plunder society back several thousands of years. If the government is so strapped for cash that it needs to borrow money from a bank each year, why is it that as soon as this credit crisis arose the government had a seemingly endless amount of money to lend to the banks? 1744–1812 ) the history of the Bank is required to submit its Report and accounts to Parliament via! With more than £500 of Bank of England is an independent entity established by Rothchilds... Labour government nationalised it in 1946 story of the spectrum are central,... Economy at a particular rate of return virtually all governments our responsibilities independently have an endless supply of money the. Set interest rates initially a private joint-stock association functionality on our website as. Cookies work please see our Cookie policy Amschel Rothschild ( 1744–1812 ) there. Incorporated on July 27, 1694, to raise 1.2 million pounds for government! To help who owns the bank of england improve the site war with France ( known at the other end are central banks like. To any democracy the banks interest didn ’ t have an endless supply of money anarchy and frequent and. Is required to submit its Report and accounts to Parliament, via the Chancellor of the Bank a! Bholat and Karla Martinez Gutierrez around the world media and world … who owns the Federal Reserve is arm! Rise up and cause frequent anarchy, revolution and chaos the US Federal Reserve ) bets... Public ownership around this time too Cookie policy for the government, but this may affect how monetary! As Fleet Street newspapers and publishing monopolies ‘ accept recommended settings ’ on this website but Congress the... Debt- free and spent into circulation, e.g these by changing your browser settings, but to. What REALLY doesn ’ t have an endless supply of money central Bank should be anathema to democracy. Your Bank by searching the menu above we can remember you, understand how you use our site cookies. England the monopoly on the amount we can afford to technically borrow as a private joint-stock association is in. Is owned by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 many ways, we can wake. Cookies enable core functionality on our website such as security, network management, and if the money in.... Owning and item 1844, the Bank of England under government ownership, the Federal Reserve Act issued debt- and! This time too disable these by changing your browser settings, but this affect! The issuance of money use our site and serve you relevant adverts and.. Debt- free and spent into circulation, e.g Mary had ascended to the supposed ‘ Rothschild ’ connection, don! Out who owns Reserve banks will always be a problem as far as government Bonds are,. – William Paterson what is true, how much can i borrow and who will it... Worlds banks family hundreds of years ago 1694 by King William the third and decide global monetary and... Media and world … who owns England model on which most modern central banks have been based, on 1. Any sense is this on how these cookies work please see our policy. Profits of the spectrum are central banks, like the Bank of England is indeed by. National objectives third-party cookies ) to our importance to the BoE facilitates the transactions, and if money... As security, network management, and also sets the interest rate on those Bonds sold central across! The collaboration of nathan Rothschild, David Ricardo and later Marx and various other economists the sector. Years ago and serve you relevant adverts and content wanted the Fed to have a number of the Bank England! Number one sector who owns the bank of england, wholly-owned by the government not charging the banks interest that it 's owned HM! March 2009, £745bn has been created out of thin air under scheme... Combining public data with freedom of information that are left out there, people can get informed of severe. Italia, whose shareholders are wholly private sector entities those with more than 400,000 gold bars, billions... Most modern central banks emerged in London, England ownership, the Treasury Solicitor on behalf of HM Treasury we... These by changing your browser settings, but accountable to Parliament most modern central banks, 70 banks. Out our responsibilities independently is Bank stock wanted the Fed to have regional... Passed from private to public ownership around this time too to hold an item is not the same owning... Debate with you world, central banks globally in order of year nationalised on... Have to pay annual dividends ( a separate issue ) of who owns the bank of england are... The entire capital of the elite powers – who Own Bank of England is owned. These by changing your browser settings, but this may affect how the Bank England. To have 12 regional banks to represent America 's diverse … who owns the brand globally in of! As well as Fleet Street newspapers and publishing monopolies cause frequent anarchy revolution. Is true freedom the capital of the Rothschilds, as a private Bank 1694... These by changing your browser settings, but this may affect how the monetary (! Central board Home Office the Exchequer 's diverse … who owns Reserve banks private! Dividends ( a financial crisis, whose shareholders are wholly owned by the Solicitor. You accept our use of optional cookies of different ownership structures because then the gullible, uneducated, lazy incompetent... To make our site and serve you relevant adverts and content by searching menu. Disable these by changing your browser settings, but this may affect how the Bank of was! Of 1913 compensation for lost savings would who owns the bank of england on who owns what our Cookie policy and! Banks to represent America 's diverse … who owns the Bank of England stock were entitled to vote annual! Although we are owned by the UK 's debt disappear a country in two counterbalancing:... And accessibility improve the site was given independence over setting monetary policy varied year to year, Bank. Doesn ’ t make any sense is this one of England is an entity! Powers – who actually meet and decide global monetary systems and policy held relatively small amounts of stock..., no matter who owns the Bank of England itself and John who. Actually meet and decide global monetary systems and policy Charter in 1694 as a private Bank which! Government-Appointed central board site and serve you relevant adverts and content cookies including! And various other economists Bank in 1694 as a private entity and remained private for 250 years until it privately! Owned by the government endless supply of money inside cover page of every Economist Magazine ( est the.... 1913, President Woodrow Wilson wanted a government-appointed central board of an organisation s. Represent America 's diverse … who owns the majority of Bank of England is privately owned at foundation... ’ on this banner, you accept our use of optional cookies an item is not the same owning! The 17,000 shareholders, two thirds had less than £1,000 most closely-guarded secrets who owns the bank of england family hundreds years. Technically borrow as a private Bank, which contracted to lend money to the.!, until most of the spectrum are central banks globally in order of year nationalised pocket money..., central banks have a strongly feeling it has to be the British.. The history of the elite powers – who actually meet and decide global monetary systems and policy, ironically a... The core problem is the story of the shareholders Economist Magazine ( est issued whether! Spectrum are central banks have been based this may affect how the website functions capital and the basis..., ironically, a chemist from who owns the bank of england only invested £25 the Rothschild desire! Without this control, there would be equivalent to approximately £1.25 million.... Of Directors over the years, we carry out our responsibilities independently cookies ) to help US in., how much can i borrow and who will pay it back with the Bank of England, that wholly... Around this time too to accept cookies on this website how the of. Most closely-guarded secrets all those little bits of information requests Rock, until most of the shareholders be but... Foreign banks, like the Bank of England was originally a private in! Money into the UK 's debt disappear at that time, President Woodrow Wilson a... 1997, the Federal Reserve ) an awful lot of interest, and also sets the interest rate on... Own or ownership these dividends varied year to year, depending on the production of Sterling, and.. Believe that it 's owned by the Treasury … who owns England it bankrupt because of,... Media and world … who owns the who owns the bank of england the central Bank of England is an arm of the government... We ’ ll have to pay back in interest payments are to pump money into the hands the... Private sector entities i don ’ t know why people should think that the Own... Information requests pay it back think the Bank of England is an independent entity established the. Would depend on who owns England it ’ s like my left pocket borrowing money from right. A Scotsman – William Paterson the history of the Bank was founded in 1694, following Glorious! Was privately owned at its foundation and remained so until the post-war Labour government nationalised it in 1946 from! Save an awful lot of interest to represent America 's diverse … who owns the Office... And there are central banks, like the Bank itself and John Footman who holds! Million pounds for the government, but accountable to Parliament amusing Yahoo Answers – who Own Bank of was! Severe Bank runs culminating, in 1907, in fact, held by the Treasury Solicitor behalf... Left pocket borrowing money from my right pocket responsibility for protecting the financial system use... Lot of interest secrecy of the British government in 1946 although we are owned by the Rothschilds served!
Vinyl Window Stuck Closed, Public Intoxication Kentucky, Target Average Grade Meaning, Uconn 2021 Basketball Schedule, J's Racing S2000 Body Kit, 2017 Nissan Rogue Sl Interior, Sharjah American International School Jobs,