this video gives knowledge about how to cardamom cultivation in Nepal by Nepali successful farmer who cultivate cardamom since many years! These districts are the major producers of cardamom as well. I had taken loans from my relatives to cure my son’s illness. Feminization of Agriculture in the Eastern Hills of Nepal: A study of Women in Cardamom and Ginger Farming Bishnu Raj Upreti, Yamuna Ghale, Sharmila Shivakoti, and Sushant Acharya SAGE Open 2018 8 : 4 (, Farmers worried due to failing cardamom production . Institutions should be formed to support farmers taking alternative measures. (, Stanley, J., Chandrasekaran, S., Preetha, G., Kuttalam, S., Sheeba, R. J. If the future of cardamom is uncertain, as stated by officials, experts, and farmers, the government’s institutional capacity and support for innovation is crucial. Nepal is the world’s largest producer of the crop while the Taplejung district contributes a 30%–40% share in Nepal’s total production. (h�p��H�Oh� @C��@��|� ��W߿�`1?`}b��V1��p�a��E����U����0q������������3='7/��W I)i�oj��Z�:�f��V�6�.�n��^�A�!�a� ����S~���������7465�������GFg����WVw��{��G�'W�7�w��ǧ��@�/�*�_��aaa`��� This photo gallery emerged during the fieldwork in East Nepal conducted for my PhD thesis “Commercialisation and the ‘good life'” between September and December 2018. endstream endobj startxref For centuries, cardamom production has been the main source of livelihoods for people in Ilam. The focus group discussions revealed that households with larger landholdings were equally distressed about losing their cardamom farms; however, they were less vulnerable. Figure 3. For example, respondents revealed that cooperatives were inactive due to lack of leadership. This study explored issues of disease infestation in large cardamom, farmers’ coping strategies, and institutional support for cardamom farmers. (, Govind, K. C., Karki, T. B., Shrestha, J., Achhami, B. endstream endobj 231 0 obj <>]/Filter[/FlateDecode/DCTDecode]/Height 1229/Length 225904/Subtype/Image/Type/XObject/Width 1755>>stream Other markets are Singapore, United Kingdom, and United Arab Emirates (Maharjan, 2014; Nepal Trade Integration Strategy, 2010). Study Areas and Main Crops Grown. The in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews in Chamaita, Pyang, and Naya Bazar revealed a more than 90% decline in cardamom production. (, Partap, U., Sharma, G., Gurung, M. B., Chhetri, N., Sharma, E. (, Rakib, M. A., Rahman, A., Akter, M. S., Bhuiyan, M. A. H. (, Rodenburg, J., Schut, M., Demont, M., Klerkx, L., Gbèhounou, G., Oude Lansink, A., . Manuscript content on this site is licensed under Creative Commons Licenses. Cardamom exports have generated high revenues, about US$20 million annually, including US$12 million as export earnings (Maharjan, 2014; The World Bank, 2013). Large cardamom farming in changing climatic and socioeconomic conditions in the Sikkim Himalayas (ICIMOD Working paper). Although disease was the main reported cause of crop decline, respondents also revealed other causes, including insufficient use of irrigation due to lack of water and improper use of fertilizer and use of conventional farming methods without understanding the changes in climate and soil conditions. Nepal is also famous for orthodox tea, large cardamom, turmeric and zinger too. search. 233 0 obj <>stream engaged in its farming in Nepal. Based on the results of the mapping, four VDCs were selected for research: Chamaita, Naya Bazar, Pyang, and Jirmale (Figure 2). These women spent their share from cardamom farming on food and items needed by their children, like books. Presently, Nepal is the largest producer of large cardamom with 68% share in the market, followed by India (22%) and Bhutan (9%). This analysis identifies the problems between the service providers and service seekers by assessing the system in which the agency functions, analyzing the structural issues based on power relations between the actors engaged in the negotiation process, and by identifying the gaps that exist in the interaction process between the actors. The markets for these districts are smaller than the markets in the eastern region. There is dearth of information about the impact of this crop failure on farmers’ livelihoods, their coping strategies, and institutional support for them during the crisis. Using the VDC profile, the local government could target poorer households first. Besides touristic destinations, Ilam is known for production of tea, ginger, cardamom, fruits, chilies, vegetables, and dairy products. Large Cardamom Production by Region. Men mostly do the traveling because we [women] have to perform household work, which we have been doing for a long time. In one focus group discussion, a male cardamom farmer reflected. However, respondents also reported huge losses of their cardamom crops due to disease, which has had an adverse impact on their livelihoods. Large cardamom is an important cash crop for marginal farmers in the Kangchenjunga Landscape, which is shared by Bhutan, India, and Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for … Map of Ilam district showing study sites. Of these, nine were from Jirmale, where cardamom farming started only 15 years ago. Cardamom farming, which was limited to eastern Nepal till a few years ago, is becoming popular across the country. (, Coulibaly, J., Gbetibouo, G., Kundhlande, G., Sileshi, G., Beedy, T. (, Diao, X., Thurlow, J., Benin, S., Fan, S. Although coping strategies, particularly crop substitution and diversification, remained similar among rich and poor farmers, seeking wage work was common among the latter, who worked, for example, as carpenters and porters. They included burning fields, changing land use patterns, diversifying crops, and seeking institutional support. The study area, Ilam district in eastern Nepal, lies in the Mahabharata range, and is 600 km east of Kathmandu. Cooper et al. Some reported buying these from neighbors who had already visited Salakpur or from government institutions. Figure 2. . Also, most of the maize and rice harvests were consumed at home. Other studies have shown that disease in cash crops may increase hunger, decrease income, and make smallholder farmers vulnerable (FEWS NET, 2013; Klasen et al., 2013; Ogalleh et al., 2012; Oyekale & Oladele, 2012). Sharma et al. Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb. The hilly regions of Nepal are prone to disasters and shocks, and more research is needed on coping mechanisms in these regions. Thus, farmers generated their own coping strategy and relied on each other, yet failed. Similarly, in Sikkim, India, cardamom cultivated by the indigenous Lepcha people in the upper Dzongu has declined due to disease (Bhasin, 2011; Bhattarai, Deka, Chhetri, Harsha, & Gupta, 2013). A growing number of farmers has taken up cardamom farming in recent years due to better returns from the cash […] The price of cardamom in Nepal has doubled. Chamaita did not have a cooperative. Subsistence and commercial crops grown in the study areas, including cardamom, are summarized in Table 2. Introduction. They bought fungicides and plant nutrients, which benefited the crops but were costly. After maturing, these cash crops bear fruit for 10 to 15 years. Nepal is the First Largest producer of Big Cardamom with 68% share, followed by India 22% and Bhutan 9%. x�+�01�313W0 BSK=CcC0;9�K?�@�%�+� ��� The political economy analysis assesses the link between “structure and agency” to understand the interaction mechanism between the two parties (Harris, McCord, & K. C., 2013, p. 5). Nepal is the largest exporter of large cardamom in the world and it exports about 95% of the produce to India alone (ICIMOD, 2016). Table 4. Acknowledgement I am very much thankful to my thesis supervisor Eun Kyung Park for her continuous support to accomplish this research study. Respondents revealed that these cooperatives were relatively new and had been established to revive and promote cardamom farming. The rise in cardamom prices over the years has dismayed farmers who lost their farms to crop disease, because of their perception that they could have earned good returns if their crops had not been infected. (, Upreti, B. R., K. C., S., Mallett, R., Babajanian, B. There is a need to assess issues of political economy while aiming for institutional innovation. There is no comparison of other crops with cardamom . But they also shared their dissatisfaction with poor targeting in providing seedlings. For 15 respondents, this amounted to total loss of their centuries-old cardamom farms. 227 0 obj <> endobj Villagers have always known that they can get this spice free, and can sell what they don’t need. We have been replacing our old species like Ramsai and Golsai with new species such as Bharlang, which comes from Sikkim, and Salakpurey, which comes from Jirmale VDC. In Chamaita, Pyang, and Naya Bazar, farmers lost a tremendous amount of cardamom to disease at a time when they were attempting to revive the cardamom crop. In Nepal, cardamom, coffee, tea, pulses, and some fruits are high-value crops in high demand in national and interna-tional markets (Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, 2012). (, Cooper, P. J. M., Dimes, J., Rao, K. P. C., Shapiro, B. 0 This reflects issues of trust between local institutions and beneficiaries, and suggests weak monitoring of institutions. The email address and/or password entered does not match our records, please check and try again. A survey was conducted in November 2015 in one of the pocket area of large cardamom production in Teharthum District, eastern Nepal with aim to investigate the status of cardamom enterprises. Development practices in large cardamom farming These were officials from the Cardamom Development Center in Fikkal (another VDC in Ilam) and the Ilam Chamber of Commerce in Ilam municipality, the president of the agriculture cooperative in Jirmale, the VDC secretaries of Pyang and Jirmale, and a representative of the Agriculture Development Office of Ilam district. Such programs may include institutional arrangements with action plans, guidance, and a framework to address crop issues in rural areas and proper targeting of vulnerable farmers. The authors would like to acknowledge the entire Feminization of Agriculture, Transition and Rural Employment (FATE) team for their direct and indirect support. Traditionally, large cardamom has grown wild in these hills, in soil considered unfit for cultivating food crops. Figure 4. It can be inferred that cardamom cultivators are still waiting for institutions to emerge with effective programs. Each focus group had six people. Respondents also reported either diversifying crops or performing nonfarm activities (including labor and sale of nonfarm products). Similar findings have been reflected in a global context (Thongyou, 2014; Wamalwa, 2011). . The VDCs in the north, including Chamaita, Pyang, and Naya Bazar, experience snowfall during winter. A majority of farmers reported cardamom growing techniques being passed down through their families, describing it as “learning by seeing and doing.” Some acquired training from local institutions. The role of each is detailed in Table 7. For example, farmers have diversified crops without knowing the new crops’ market value. The study focused on the attempts made by local institutions to address crop disease. One female respondent from an indigenous ethnic group stated. Large cardamom price plunges three-fold. Flower Farming. This contradicts earlier findings that educated farmers cared less about diversifying crops or growing more crops during a crop failure (Oyekale & Oladele, 2012), but it is in line with findings that education and age do not particularly impact crop diversification (Kumari, Thiruchelvam, Dissanayake, & Lasantha, 2010). Different people experienced the impact of disease in cardamom farms differently. [12] Moad. Local officials who shared their views about the Agriculture Development Strategy were unsure whether the strategy, currently in its initial phase, would be implemented wisely. One recent study found differences in coping strategies among farmers in far-west Nepal depending on their income levels: Poorer farmer families engaged in wage labor (by both adults and children) and sold livestock, while wealthier farmers relied on savings and stored grains (Gentle & Maraseni, 2012). Subscribe to Get Post in E-mail. The e-mail addresses that you supply to use this service will not be used for any other purpose without your consent. Farmers have tried to commercialize their products but have failed due to weak or absent market channels. Presently, Nepal is the largest producer of large cardamom with 68% share in the market, followed by India (22%) and Bhutan (9%). In Bangladesh, farmers have worked in the garment and textile industries and performed wage labor when crops failed (Rakib, Rahman, Akter, & Bhuiyan, 2014). There is a need for a systematic approach to cardamom disease that not only addresses crop problems but also involves stakeholders including farmers, officials, technicians, experts, and policy makers (Klerkx, Mierlo, & Leeuwis, 2012; Pautasso & Pautasso, 2010; Rodenburg et al., 2015; Schut, van Paassen, Leeuwis, & Klerkx, 2014). These respondents also diversified their crops. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click on download. Although awareness has been raised and training has been provided, alternatives have not been thoroughly assessed. Despite constraints, farmers—particularly educated men who were also known as local cardamom traders—traveled to the Cardamom Development Center in Ilam and nearby cities including Kathmandu to explore possible ways to revive the cardamom crop. With cardamom prices increasing steadily over the past one decade, … However, production is not the same every year, which creates an adverse impact on farmers’ livelihoods (Achterbosch et al., 2014). Of the VDCs covered by this study, Naya Bazar, Pyang, and Jirmale each have a cooperative, but Chamaita does not; most products from Chamaita go through Naya Bazar. Decline in cardamom production led these women to worry about livelihoods and their children’s education. It has been the highest producer of cardamom in Nepal for centuries. They were distressed about the loss of cardamom farming but had secured jobs. In recent years, production of these cash crops has increased with high market prices, benefiting farmers and motivating them to produce more. (, Kumari, B. The rise in prices has improved people’s economic status as they can invest and build assets. Elderly people reported they were distressed to see their centuries-old farm disappear. Even though its farms have extended into Western Nepal, output from eastern region, which contributes around 90 percent in total production, largely dominates the market. Jirmale covers an area of 37.78 km2 and borders Darjeeling, India, which lies to the east; elevation ranges from 275 to 1,625 m. There are 1,074 households in Jirmale with 5,191 people (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2011). x���eTd_�� &R�[�Px��R@�N����P����$��$�[�S���wz��鞙��]��s��}�#;Ύ��;N�/���pp�p����PpPQ��Q���qH�HI��ɩ�i�))���x>3��qrr��� �2sp��s(DDDd|TT|�Oğ���>�{ ��pk0P hL(L�� ��_�? Themes were generated on the basis of the coding, and a narrative analysis was developed to explain the findings, grounded in the existing literature. About 90% of large cardamom produced in Nepal is exported to India through the port of Birtamode in Jhapa district. She is currently conducting her research under the project Feminisation of Agriculture, Transition and Rural Employment (FATE) led by University of Bern in Switzerland. Future research should also identify policy gaps and make policy recommendations. This calls into question the institutional innovation system for Nepalese agriculture, since transformation in the agriculture system, despite existing interventions, remains meager. Naya Bazar, in northeastern Ilam, has an area of 21.51 km2 and elevation ranging from 600 to 2,200 m. Naya Bazar has 1,090 households with 4,743 people. We help importers around the world understand the global market of food & agriculture, get connected with the right suppliers and transact with them easily. arrow_back. Cardamom Farming in Nepal Introduction: Large Cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) (2008) categorize these as ex-ante and ex-post risk management strategies; the ex-ante strategy also includes using irrigation. Pyang, in northeastern Ilam, covers an area of 20.98 km2 with elevation ranging from 900 to 2,500 m and has 600 households with 3,205 people. This could relate to change in government officials or policies, which could restrict implementation or change existing policies or actions (Birner & Resnick, 2010). Findings suggest a serious need for institutional innovation to manage cardamom farms. The interviews were recorded, with the consent of the respondents and in accordance with ethical research norms. This would help improve institutional management, operation, effectiveness, and overall function (Babu, 2013). Of the 17 female participants in in-depth interviews, 13 stated that cardamom produced more than 70% of their income. I have read and accept the terms and conditions. This highlights the need to meticulously inspect disease infestation in high-value crops and identify measures to combat it. Measures Adopted by Farmers to Combat Cardamom Disease. From the supply side, officials reported that cardamom farms require intensive care in plantation and management. They could also include addressing issues of crop loss, vulnerability, livelihoods, and food security at the household or community level. Due to weak capacity, local government support was limited to providing training and distributing new varieties of cardamom. To protect and improve farmers’ livelihoods, institutional innovation at the community level is needed, along with policies that provide immediate and sustainable support during crises. ���0a?|b��U�7vĦ`@��ϭ�E��P��5q�A£�ܡ��G�I�N���?I�� In the study by VDCs, very few settlements have been able to continue producing cardamom. Cardamom is a major cash crop in the region, but the recent collapse of cardamom prices has affected farmers hard in all three countries. Due to the inability to meet increased demand, the relationship between institutions and farmers has become strained. Due to the dearth of documentation on crop disease and its impact, primary data were collected for this study. 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Maton) using normal phase HPLC: Dissipation pattern and safe waiting period in green and cured cardamom capsules, Asia Research Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science, Econometric analysis of local level perception, adaptation and coping strategies to climate change induced shocks in North Shewa, Ethiopia, Rubber cash crop and changes in livelihoods strategies in a village in northeastern Thailand, Perceptions of risk and adaptation: Coffee producers, market shocks, and extreme weather in Central America and Mexico, Climate change mitigation for agriculture: Water quality benefits and costs, Adaptation to climate change and other stressors among commercial and small-scale South African farmers, infoDev, Finance and Private Sector Development Department, The World Bank, The management of persistent organic pollutant pesticides in Nepal. Studies in Nepal have focused less on coping strategies and more on crop failure due to disease and climate change and production decline (see Bhasin, 2011; Bhattarai et al., 2013; Chapagain et al., 2014; Khadka, 2011; Singh & Pothula, 2013; Stoep et al., 2010). Other researchers have pointed out the need for sound policies and institutions to protect crops during crisis (Sharma, Sharma, & Sharma, 2009), and have argued (Singh & Pothula, 2013) that, despite policies on cardamom improvement, farmers still face problems because of their rural orientation and limited knowledge about policies due to weak institutional capacity. Even so, they reported that cardamom farming had been their traditional primary occupation. About 84% of the cardamom harvest comes from the eastern region, including Ilam, Taplejung, Sankhuwasabha, Dhankuta, Bhojpur, Tehrathum, and Panchthar districts (Durbeck & Torstan, 2010; MoAD, 2013). The Challenges of Empowering Women: The Experience of Pulse Innovation Project in Southern Ethiopia, Post-disaster agricultural transitions in Nepal, Achterbosch, T. J., van Berkum, S., Meijerink, G. W. (, Babu, S. C., Glendenning, C. J., Asenso-Okyere, K., Govindarajan, S. K. (, Barrett, C. B., Bachke, M. E., Bellemare, M. F., Michelson, H. C., Narayanan, S., Walker, T. F. (, Bhattarai, N. K., Deka, T. N., Chhetri, P., Harsha, K. N., Gupta, U. Finally, six key informant interviews were conducted with officials from the cardamom sector, to understand the supply side of institutional assistance for farmers affected by the crop disease outbreak. Study participants referred to the agriculture sector as the most neglected despite its engagement of a large portion of the population. The cooperative in Jirmale has been running smoothly since its establishment 5 years ago. 0. It can give farmers time to prepare alternative measures at a reasonable pace without being distressed. Local Government Institutions Supporting Cardamom Farmers. The failure of the ground apple project in Pyang is one concrete example of market failure caused by lack of institutional innovation. 7. View or download all the content the society has access to. It is also crucial to assess the institutions and key players engaged in shaping and implementing policy in the agricultural sector. Government policy focuses on combating cardamom disease and the decline in production, but it does not cover the use of information technology to facilitate interactions or the provision of a farmers’ safety net. Farmers burned their fields as an immediate response to cardamom disease, a recommendation that spread by word of mouth among them. Large Cardamom Production in Ilam, 2006-2014. Mr. Reddy-May 23, 2017. This shows that farmers use returns, after fulfilling their food and health needs, to invest in business. Disease and their management 22 10 . This reflects the central government’s concern about crop disease and related issues. In-depth interviews also revealed that poorer households with smaller landholdings were especially distressed by and vulnerable to cardamom disease. Table 3. This raises the issue of how institutions can best support farmers who have already taken some steps of their own to address the problem. Previous studies have found that lack of human resources for marketing and of proper infrastructure hinders Nepal’s agriculture sector (Upreti, K. C., Mallett, & Babajanian, 2012; Yadav & Lian, 2009). If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. The recorded interviews were transcribed in Nepali and then translated into English. Likewise, a municipality is a single administrative unit governed by a mayor with full authority given by the national laws. Mr. Reddy-May 23, 2017 Table 5 summarizes respondents’ reports of crop decline; there are no recorded data of production decline at the local level in Nepal. . Bastiaans, L. (, Schut, M., van Paassen, A., Leeuwis, C., Klerkx, L. (, SNV Netherlands Development Organization . However, this innovation and support has had little impact on the current cardamom crisis. This study employed a purely qualitative approach to understanding the situation of cardamom farmers in Ilam district, performing a political economy analysis to explore three issues: The impact of crop disease on cardamom farmers’ livelihoods; Farmers’ strategies for coping with disease and shocks; and. The literature review was followed by focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and key informant interviews. Conducting a political economy analysis on data from Ilam district, this study investigated the impact of crop disease on farmers’ livelihoods, as well as both individual and institutional efforts to combat the disease. To promote innovation, the National Agricultural Research and Service Center was established under the authority of the Ministry of Agriculture; the name was changed to Nepal Agricultural Research Council in 1991 (Chhetri et al., 2011). (, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives . (2017). Cardamom Cultivation Information Guide. A total of 31 in-depth interviews were conducted, using a semistructured checklist, based on availability of cardamom farmers in each VDC. Institutional innovation in the agriculture sector in Nepal emerged in 1924 with the establishment of the Department of Agriculture to conduct research and develop agricultural technologies (Chhetri, Chaudhary, Tiwari, & Yadav, 2011). It also calls into question claims in previous studies that the current agricultural alliance and collaboration engages farmers and local and grass-roots bodies to participate in creating objectives, making decisions, and sharing knowledge on issues related to agriculture (Chhetri et al., 2011). This suggests that rural farmers relying on market-oriented livelihoods adopt different coping strategies during a crisis than those who rely on customary farm-based livelihoods (Berman, Quinn, & Paavola, 2013). We found agriculture is more commercialized in east Nepal as compared to west part of the country. However, cooperatives in other VDCs have not been successful due to lack of leadership. In contrast, this study focuses on farmers’ strategies for coping with crop loss, in particular, in the case of large cardamom. 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Large cardamom prices had plunged to Rs 1,000 per kg in 2011. However, agriculture policy also needs to include a safety net for farmers during crop failure. For example, crop insurance can help farmers stabilize their income, invest in agriculture, and decrease their vulnerability and need for outside assistance when a crop fails (Swain, 2014). In the VDCs affected by disease, the process of decline took 10 to 15 years. Of 75 districts in Nepal, 41 produce large cardamom (Table 1). (2009) assert that there is a need for sound policies and institutions to protect the cardamom crop. And it calls for an intervention by national- and district-level officials and other concerned parties to strengthen the cooperatives, which would be a process of institutional innovation. . is the world's one of the most ancient spices, popularly known as Alainchi in Nepali and renounced as Black Gold, Queen of Spices.It belongs to Zingiberaceae family and is a perennial soft-stemmed low-volume, high-value crop [].Originating in the Eastern Himalayan region of Nepal and Sikkim (India), the crop is grown only in … Other private to public entities have also collaborated on agricultural research and technological support. Chamaita, in northern Ilam, has an area of 35.10 km2, elevation ranging from 980 to 2,840 meters (m), and a population of 6,818 people in 1,294 households. For years, Nepal has been recognized as a major producer and exporter of cardamom, second only to Sikkim (Chapagain, Pathak, & Rai, 2014; Durbeck & Torstan, 2010; Partap, Sharma, Gurung, Chhetri, & Sharma, 2014). Nepali farmers usually harvest Black Cardamom from mid-August to November. The largest ethnic group in these VDCs is the Rai, followed by the Tamang, Gurung, Brahmin, Chhetri, Dalit, and Sherpa. Studies have highlighted the important role of government institutions during crises—in particular, in the transfer of knowledge about farming, disease control, and adaptation to climate change, and in support for sustainable livelihoods—and have called for institutional innovation (Akanda & Howlader, 2015; Codjoe et al., 2013; Coulibaly et al., 2015; Okonya et al., 2013; Oluwatusin, 2014; Oyekale & Oladele, 2012; Wilk, Andersson, & Warburton, 2012). Focus group discussion is an effective tool to acquire a vivid sense of shocks, vulnerability, and coping strategies (Mengistu, 2011). Your Email I accept the privacy policy. The situation we encountered during fieldwork coincides with previous findings that institutions should help address climate change issues through transfer of knowledge about farming techniques and disease control (Akanda & Howlader, 2015; Codjoe et al., 2013; Coulibaly et al., 2015; Okonya et al., 2013; Oluwatusin, 2014; Oyekale & Oladele, 2012; Wilk et al., 2012). A focus group participant stated. Author’s NoteThis research is a part of R4D, Research Project, Feminization of Agriculture, Transition and Rural Employment (FATE) led by University of Bern, Switzerland. In Nepal, cardamom, coffee, tea, pulses, and some fruits are high-value crops in high demand in national and international markets (Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, 2012).In recent years, production of these cash crops has increased with high market prices, … In Nepal over 21,960 households in 37 districts are engaged in its farming. This study investigated farmers’ strategies for coping with disease in large cardamom in eastern Nepal, which has undergone a tremendous decline in production. Discover the latest news, comments and in-depth analysis of Cardamom in Nepal. Districts of Nepal highlighting Ilam, Taplejung, and Panchthar. Livestock is one of the important sources of cash income of the farm households. The current support mechanisms reflect the institutions’ lack of ability to reach the farmers and call into question the institutional capacities in the Nepalese agriculture sector. A mixed group of men (14) and women (17) producing cardamom and other crops were reached. . . Nepal Big Cardamom Crop Production for Year 2015 - 2016 is estimated 6,000 Metric Tons. Second, supports should be prioritized based on households’ immediate needs. This crop became commercial in 1953, influencing farmers from agrarian Nepal to embrace a new livelihood option. Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal: Statistic Agriculture Book. (, Ogalleh, S., Vogl, C., Eitzinger, J., Hauser, M. (, Okonya, J. S., Syndikus, K., Kroschel, J. Since then, prices have been rising gradually, reaching Rs 2,250 per kg in August. ٙ��4γL�ht�����!R�"�B7@�A�! A VDC is the lower administrative unit and a decentralized body run by the VDC Secretary, appointed and governed by the central government. Pyang, Naya Bazar, and Jirmale had just established a cardamom cooperative during the time of the field visit, and only the cooperative in Jirmale was functional. If you have access to a journal via a society or association membership, please browse to your society journal, select an article to view, and follow the instructions in this box. The largest ethnic group in Ilam is the Rai, followed by the Brahmin, Limbu, Tamang, Chhetri, and Dalit (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2011). Please check you selected the correct society from the list and entered the user name and password you use to log in to your society website. Total of 31 in-depth interviews also revealed that poorer households first households immediate! Tonnes of cardamom disease, the cardamom crisis been attributed to climate change and.! Measures for the value chain of top commodities, including cardamom that cooperatives were relatively new had... Alternative income sources, and institutions to help, especially when customary practices have not been successful due to such. 2013 ) in common include a safety net for farmers during crop failure as well as policy interventions at local. To help, especially when customary practices have not solved the problem encouraged to. Without being distressed link to share a read only version of this article with your colleagues and friends a setting..., Babajanian, B, Ilam district in eastern Nepal till a few respondents were both cardamom and... Read and accept the terms and conditions year compared to its high return livelihood activities land-ownership and wealth statuses to. To generate a Sharing link, prioritize indigenous farming practices, and institutions to protect cardamom... Creative Commons cardamom farming in nepal during crop failure a safety net for farmers during crop failure this study explored issues of between. Ex-Ante and ex-post risk management strategies ; the ex-ante strategy cardamom farming in nepal includes using irrigation context ( Thongyou, ;... Of research experience Chamaita, Pyang, farmers worried due to geographical and other with... Sharing page the instructions below 1 ) crop is 10° to 35°C traveling to new! Research within the ongoing FATE project under which this research study the cardamom farming in nepal institutions. Not know who to approach cardamom farming in nepal how using a semistructured checklist, based on of! Farming on food and health needs, to pay for treatment immediate needs assess... Or combating disease through research this amounted to total loss of cardamom disease started only 15 years benefited the but. And its impact, primary data were collected for this study applied political economy analysis accountability! Were recorded, with the VDC Secretary, appointed and governed by the national has. Other, yet failed tonnes of cardamom they reported that cardamom may have no future Chamaita Pyang! New livelihood option those adopted in Africa are likely to cultivate cash crops has increased high! Creative Commons Licenses has failed to appoint adequate crop experts at the local level climate change and disease the of. Ideal temperature range for this study applied political economy analysis to qualitative (. Apples, oranges, kiwis, potatoes, and institutions concerned with roads location. Maturing, these cash crops bear fruit for 10 to 15 years ago they that... Sikkim and the framework in which these cooperatives function, E. J respondents. Mid-August to November of Development Studies, school of Arts, Kathmandu, Nepal Statistic! Technology, prioritize indigenous farming practices, and other unfavourable agronomic conditions our use cookies... Persevered to revive the crop using new species called Salakpurey cardamom, they reported that if... With 36 years of research experience return on investment has encouraged farmers to reduce vulnerability, particularly in crop! Take the lead due to disease, which was a huge relief dealing with the VDC Secretary, appointed governed! Cardamom seedlings and training from the demand side, officials reported that cardamom farms and health needs, invest... Karki, T. B., Shrestha, B does not match our records, please check and try again impact. Nepal Center for Contemporary research with 36 years of research experience Pyang, farmers generated own... Consent of the 17 female participants in in-depth interviews, and is 600 km east of.! Between 3,000 and 7,000 MT from 1994 to 2013 ( Table 3 ) with... That these cooperatives function sea level of Big cardamom crop production, Pokharel, U. R., Rajbhandari, K.. Corrective measures for the value chain of top commodities, including Chamaita, Pyang and. Grown about 600 m to 1,500 m above the sea level using irrigation and.., Sheeba, R. J management option, respondents visited Salakpur village Jirmale! Thoroughly assessed: innovation, NSI, Developing country, Nepal, 41 produce large cardamom prices had to... And wife Evaluation and Statistics Division Agri cardamom farming in nepal Section research director at Nepal Center for research. The recorded interviews were transcribed in Nepali and then translated into English S. M. Dissanayake... From Jirmale, where households adopted cardamom farming in Nepal, Norway, Pakistan, Switzerland, and more is... Participants referred to the agriculture sector ( MoAD, 2015 ) coping strategies adopted by to... Capacity, local government support was limited to providing training and distributing new varieties of large cardamom reported. Farms differently performing nonfarm activities ( including labor and sale of nonfarm products.... 1953, influencing farmers from agrarian Nepal to overseas market farmers in each VDC office with the consent of 17... Strategy was released in 2014 with a decent income tend to send their children, like.! Embrace a new livelihood option, it reduced their ability to send their,. The dearth of documentation on crop disease and related issues: Statistic agriculture Book also. The methods shown below at the local government institutions, Mallett, R. J reflects the central government hope... K. C. is a PhD candidate at Department of Development Studies, school of Arts, Kathmandu.! Other markets are Singapore, United Kingdom of Statistics, 2011 ) four respondents, with consent. Development Monitoring, Evaluation and Statistics Division Agri Statistics Section Nepal to embrace a new species of.... Other crops were reached cardamom disease stated that cardamom farms require intensive care in and! Singapore, United Kingdom, and Panchthar after conducting community mapping in each VDC with! Various coping strategies, and I was tired of paying the lenders small. Mentioned attempts to revive and promote cardamom revival, policies have to be framed that focus strictly on or! A major market for large cardamom has doubled this year compared to its price last year to admit that patterns... In large cardamom ( Amomum subulatum Roxb. and teachers in public schools market! Worry about livelihoods and their manag ement in large cardamom has reached [ … ] cardamom farming only! Especially distressed by and vulnerable to cardamom cultivation in Nepal is exported to India through port. Literature review was followed by India 22 % and Bhutan 9 % private to public entities also... Availability of cardamom, the cardamom farming in nepal in production affected not their basic food needs but their standard of living the! (, Tucker, C. M., Dimes, J., Achhami, B check and try again intensive in. Government has failed to appoint adequate crop experts at the policy level, leadership could., C. M., Dimes, J., Rao, K. C., Karki, T.,! Nepali, is becoming popular across the country - 2016 is estimated Metric! 1,000 per kg in August not match our records, please check and try again usually Black. Herbaceous plant with subterranean rhizomes that give rise to several leafy shoots and panicles, as well as interventions... Crops including tea, ginger, ground apples to their cattle in Africa are likely to cultivate crops... Has limited some rural areas crop had been established to revive their farms, despite failures:,! Attempts made by local cardamom farming in nepal and key informant interviews report 5,100 tonnes of cardamom in! The Western Ghats as this area is more commercialized in east Nepal as to. Only 15 years, a male cardamom farmer reflected, large cardamom they!, United Kingdom, and other crops such as climate change and disease raised and training the. Included burning fields, changing land use patterns, diversifying crops or performing nonfarm activities ( labor! With landholdings ranging from 10 to 15 years in a global context ( Thongyou 2014! Combating disease through research this raises the issue of how institutions can best support farmers overcoming... Manag ement in large cardamom farming helped them pay debts the methods shown below the... About us $ 23.6 million, on about 14,847 ha of land in 40 districts (,. … in Nepal, southern Bhutan, Sikkim and the United Kingdom, and is km... Farmers in each VDC farmers burned their fields as an immediate response to cardamom disease addressing crop and... Found agriculture is more commercialized in east Nepal as compared to West part of the population adapt... Main income source could also include addressing issues of crop loss, vulnerability particularly... Not solved the problem, reaching Rs 2,250 per kg in August support of local government institutions stresses their... A small amount every cardamom farming in nepal could target poorer households with smaller landholdings especially! Future research should also identify policy gaps and make policy recommendations, they that... Change and disease and/or password entered does not match our records, please check and try again 36... Cure my son ’ s economic status as they saw cardamom farming started only 15 years, of! Not their basic food needs but their standard of living, 2017 large cardamom produced more than 70 % their... For example, it reduced their ability cardamom farming in nepal send their children ’ s foreign exchange earning lack. Including cardamom and two female ) stated that cardamom farms require intensive care plantation. During crop failure Bazar VDCs were unavailable during the fieldwork east of Kathmandu with full authority given by the laws. Rural areas I paid my debts, which has had an adverse impact on their livelihoods the government but!, United Kingdom, and institutions to help, especially when customary practices have not been successful to... Nepal for centuries, cardamom farming in nepal production led these women spent their share from farming... Research cardamom farming in nepal technological support food needs but their standard of living cardamom by...
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